The brake pedal itself is specific to the Passat, but the mounting bracket on the firewall is a Golf part, so it is possible to fit a Golf pedal.
Whether it still allows sufficient travel without fouling on the floor, is something that you'll no doubt need to invest some time and money into finding out. Any adjustment available would be minimal, and probably detrimental to the braking system's effectiveness.
Perhaps refining your seating position, particularly adjusting the height and angle of the base, might make some difference. Also worth noting that the DSG transmission does not function correctly when left-foot braking is used. I've always found that resting my heel on the carpet a few inches before the accelerator pedal worked best for me, for being able to sufficiently operate both pedals.
A change of pads to a different brand or material should make a difference with regards to them grabbing when cold, which the standard pads always do.
Also bare in mind that the pedals and footrests have been optimised for driver safety in a crash, as everything is plastic and designed to break away or deform on impact. I suspect that this is the reason why the Passat uses a specific pedal to work with the contours of the floor.
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