I was between these two cars recently and in fact they are more different than most people tend to think. The over-simplified comment I read a lot is "well it's almost as expensive as an R so obviously buy the R because 4 wheels is better than 2 right???" Which is more of a basic math argument rather than a technical one dealing with the two cars in question really.
They are obviously both a Golf, which is a good thing. You get an upmarket grown-up character, the build quality, ride refinement and typical luxuries you'd get in any other Golf. The R is a great all-rounder but it's a rather point to point car and not one that will provide many thrills during enthusiastic driving or when pushing to the limit. The haldex offers superior traction but has nothing to do with grip around corners nor can it make up for the absence of a limited slip diff if driving it hard is your thing. During my test-drive it felt very capable at reasonably fast speeds but nothing more than that, none of the extra effort/excitement I was looking from a 40K EUR sports car.
The Clubsport on the other hand has been tweaked especially for this purpose. The stiffer dampers, different suspension geometry, new steering rack, aero bits, E-VAQ lsd and reduced weight make it the most driver-involving variant of the series. It corners better and faster than its siblings, brakes better (PP/R brakes but 100+ kg off its back compared to the R, coupled with integrated brake cooling ducts on the front mask) and is the one that you'll be able to drive/place exactly as you want before a corner. In fact, its bigger/more obvious difference from the GTI PP according to reviews is not the added power but the significantly improved chassis behaviour.
I do maybe 2-3 track days per year and some back-road driving and when I looked for the most rewarding Golf in that area it was clear to me which one I had to go for. Especially since where I live I have never needed AWD to overcome any physical conditions, nor do I race from traffic lights any more (not that I was ever keen on that).
I've left the looks for the end. When I entered the R I test-drove there was nothing. I expected to see a few sport touches here and there that would provide a clue you are in a flagship performance car but to my big surprise there was nothing. The car seemed like any other Golf for that matter. Same from outside. Everything is so understated (I get that some people might like it) that you easily confuse it for a 1.4 TSI R-Line and suddenly when you look at the back there's a whole lot of 4 exhaust pipes out of nowhere, on a 2lt. hatch-back. That stroke me as quite a design imbalance.
The Clubsport on the other hand looks like a special sports Golf should be. More aggressive exterior but not overplayed, it retains the Golf's classy line for the most part but there's some clear details that do set it apart. Same for the interior. Amazing bucket seats and steering wheel, and several sports details everywhere (door trims, front dash, gearbox), it makes it clear what was the design intent behind it. Not to mention that for every Clubsport you'll see on the street (if any) you'll see another 1000 R's at least, they are that common in most EU markets (no idea about Australia though).
Strictly financially speaking the R might probably make more sense (although resale values could turn this to the CS's favour) especially if you're not after the most exciting driving experience but there's good reasons that make a Clubsport as much (or even more to some) desirable. Both cars offer exclusivities, (R: AWD, CS: handling, special/wow factor) it's up to you to decide which are higher in your priorities list.
I think you might be able to guess which one I went for in the end?
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